Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is the process by which the anticipated effects on the environment of a proposed development or project are measured. If the likely effects are unacceptable, design measures or other relevant mitigation measures can be taken to reduce or avoid those effects. The document from this process is called an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS).
An EIA assesses a development's or project's impact on air quality, water quality, noise levels, traffic, socio-economic impacts, groundwater and land, habitat and wildlife etc… Mitigation measures to limit environmental impacts should be included in the EIA application.
Some projects due to their nature and location will require mandatory EIA before they can commence.